CYP2C9 Reference Standard

Background

With the development of pharmacogenomics, a growing number of pharmacogenomic biomarkers and their detection methods have emerged. Pharmacogenomics has become a crucial tool for guiding personalized drug use in clinical practice, assessing the risk of serious adverse drug reactions, and guiding new drug development and evaluation. Some newly marketed drugs are limited to patients with specific genotypes.

Detection of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug target genes can guide clinical selection of appropriate drugs and dosages for specific patients, enabling personalized medication, thereby improving the effectiveness and safety of drug treatments and preventing the occurrence of serious adverse drug reactions.

Warfarin is a widely used oral coumarin anticoagulant, which is mainly used to prevent and treat thromboembolic diseases, as well as bone and joint replacement, cerebral infarction and postoperative rehabilitation of cardiac stent surgery. Recent studies have revealed that genetic factors are the primary factor influencing inter-individual variability in warfarin dosage. Polymorphisms in the VKORC1 gene, which is associated with warfarin's mechanism of action, and the CYP2C9 gene, which is involved in warfarin metabolism, are both closely associated with its anticoagulant efficacy. Common variants that reduce warfarin metabolism are CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 impair S-warfarin metabolism by approximately 30-40% and 80-90%, respectively. The presence or absence of a mutation in the VKORC1 promoter (-1639G>A) is also closely associated with warfarin dosage.